トロント・ブルージェイズの大家友和投手は２９日、地元で行われたテキサス・レンジャーズ戦に先発登板。７回を５安打、３四球、２奪三振、１失点に抑え、勝利投手の権利を得たまま降板した。ブルージェイズが７−３で勝ったため、大家は今季２勝目（２敗）、メジャー通算５０勝目（５９敗）を手にしている。なお、レンジャーズの大塚晶則投手は、登板しなかった。
初回に３点の援護を受けた大家は２回、連続四球をきっかけに１点を返されるが、なおも続いた２死一、三塁のピンチをしのぐ。すると３〜６回までは、３人ずつで片付ける好投を見せ、５−１で迎えた７回には得点圏にランナーを背負ったが、無失点で切り抜けて１０２球で後続にバトンタッチした。なお、この日の大家は、通算６００本塁打まであと５本に迫っているレンジャーズの４番サミー・ソーサ右翼手をライトフライ、サードゴロ、センターフライと３打数ノーヒットに抑えている。
ブルージェイズは、７番のアーロン・ヒル二塁手が初回に２点タイムリーを放つなど、４打数３安打、２打点、２得点と活躍。また、大家の女房役を務めたジェーソン・フィリップス捕手も４打数３安打、１打点と大家を援護し、日本人メジャーリーガーでは野茂英雄投手（ドジャースほか）以来となる節目の白星をプレゼントした。
初登板のときはレッドソックスだったな
散々な結果だったけど ここまでやってこれましたね
Apr 30, 2007
Apr 29, 2007
World Health Experts Report Progress in Fight Against Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is one of the leading infectious diseases. The World Health Organization says two billion people are infected with the TB bacteria. That is about one-third of the world’s total population.
One in ten people infected with the TB bacteria will become sick with tuberculosis at some time during their life. Almost nine million people become sick with the disease each year. About one million six hundred thousand people will die of the disease this year.
The World Health Organization says TB is a disease of poverty. It affects mostly young adults in their most productive years. The large majority of deaths from the disease are in developing countries. More than half of all deaths happen in Asia.
The World Health Organization declared TB a public health emergency in nineteen ninety-three. A new WHO report shows tuberculosis rates around the world are falling or unchanged. The report says rates were unchanged in two thousand five after reaching record high levels one year earlier.
If this continues for the next three or four years, WHO officials believe their Millennium Development Goal could be reached. The goal is to discover at least seventy percent of TB cases and successfully treat eighty-five percent of those cases by the year two thousand fifteen.
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that usually attacks the lungs. Most people infected with the bacteria never develop active TB. However, people with weak body defense systems often develop the disease. TB can damage a person’s lungs or other parts of the body and cause serious health problems.
The disease is spread by people who have active, untreated TB bacteria in their throat or lungs. The bacteria are spread into the air when people with the disease talk or expel air suddenly.
People who breathe infected air from a TB victim can become infected with the tuberculosis bacteria. However, most people with active tuberculosis do not expel very many TB bacteria. So, the spread of the disease usually does not happen unless a person spends a large amount of time with a TB patient. Those most at risk are family members, friends and people who live or work closely with a patient.
If a person becomes infected with the TB bacteria, it does not mean he or she has the disease. Having the infection means that the bacteria are in the body, but they may be neutral, or inactive.
When TB bacteria are inactive, they cannot damage the body. And they cannot spread to other people. People with the inactive bacteria are infected, but they are not sick. They probably do not know that they are infected. For most of them, the bacteria will always be inactive. They will never suffer signs of tuberculosis.
If the natural immune system against disease is weak, however, a person can get tuberculosis soon after the TB bacteria enter the body. Also, inactive TB bacteria may become active if the immune system becomes weak. When this happens, the bacteria begin reproducing and damaging the lungs or other organs and causing serious sickness.
The inactive TB bacteria can become active under several conditions. When a person becomes old, the immune system may become too weak to protect against the bacteria. The virus that causes AIDS can cause TB bacteria to become active. Also, doctors warn that people who drink too much alcohol or use drugs have a higher risk of becoming sick from the tuberculosis bacteria.
Tuberculosis can attack any part of the body. However, the lungs are the most common targets of the bacteria. People with the disease show several signs. They may expel air from the lungs suddenly with an explosive noise. This kind of cough continues for a long period of time. People with a more severe case of tuberculosis also may cough up blood.
People with the disease often have high body temperatures. They suffer what are called night sweats, during which their bodies release large amounts of water through the skin. TB victims also are tired all the time. They are not interested in eating. So their bodies lose weight.
One thing that is especially dangerous about TB is that people with moderate signs of the disease may not know they have it. They may spread the disease to others without even knowing it. So, it is very important for people to get tested for tuberculosis.
There are several ways to test for TB. The first is the TB skin test. It also is known as the Mantoux skin test. The test can identify most people infected with tuberculosis six to eight weeks after the bacteria entered their bodies. A substance called purified protein derivative is injected under the skin of the arm. The place of the injection is examined two to three days later.
If a raised red area forms, the person may have been infected with the tuberculosis bacteria. However, this does not always mean the disease is active.
If the skin test shows that TB bacteria have entered the body, doctors can use other methods to discover if the person has active TB. However, this sometimes can be difficult because tuberculosis may appear similar to other diseases. Doctors must consider other physical signs. Also, they must decide if a person’s history shows that he or she has been in situations where tuberculosis was present.
Doctors also use an X-ray examination to show if there is evidence of TB infection, such as damage to the lungs. Another way to test for the presence of active tuberculosis is to examine the fluids from a person’s mouth.
It is very important for doctors to identify which kind of TB bacteria are present so they can decide which drugs to use to treat the disease. Most TB cases can be successfully treated with medicines. However, the death rate for untreated patients is reported to be about fifty percent. Successful treatment of TB requires close cooperation among patients, doctors and other health care workers.
The World Health Organization has a five-step program to guarantee that TB patients take their medicine correctly. The program is called Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course, or DOTS. Directly observed means that local health care workers watch to make sure patients take their medicine every day. Full treatment usually lasts from six to nine months to destroy all signs of the bacteria.
It is very important for patients to be educated about the disease and its treatment. Sometimes patients fail to finish taking the medicine ordered by their doctors. Experts say this is because some patients feel better after only two to four weeks of treatment and stop taking their medicine. This can lead to the TB bacteria becoming resistant to drugs and growing stronger, more dangerous and more difficult to treat.
Experts say TB is a preventable disease. The goal of health organizations is to quickly identify infected persons – especially those who have the highest risk of developing the disease. There are several drugs that can prevent tuberculosis in these people.
Experts say tuberculosis can be cured if it is discovered early and if patients take their medicine correctly. And, like other diseases, education and understanding are extremely important in preventing and treating TB. Next week, we will tell you about efforts to fight TB in several countries.
One in ten people infected with the TB bacteria will become sick with tuberculosis at some time during their life. Almost nine million people become sick with the disease each year. About one million six hundred thousand people will die of the disease this year.
The World Health Organization says TB is a disease of poverty. It affects mostly young adults in their most productive years. The large majority of deaths from the disease are in developing countries. More than half of all deaths happen in Asia.
The World Health Organization declared TB a public health emergency in nineteen ninety-three. A new WHO report shows tuberculosis rates around the world are falling or unchanged. The report says rates were unchanged in two thousand five after reaching record high levels one year earlier.
If this continues for the next three or four years, WHO officials believe their Millennium Development Goal could be reached. The goal is to discover at least seventy percent of TB cases and successfully treat eighty-five percent of those cases by the year two thousand fifteen.
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that usually attacks the lungs. Most people infected with the bacteria never develop active TB. However, people with weak body defense systems often develop the disease. TB can damage a person’s lungs or other parts of the body and cause serious health problems.
The disease is spread by people who have active, untreated TB bacteria in their throat or lungs. The bacteria are spread into the air when people with the disease talk or expel air suddenly.
People who breathe infected air from a TB victim can become infected with the tuberculosis bacteria. However, most people with active tuberculosis do not expel very many TB bacteria. So, the spread of the disease usually does not happen unless a person spends a large amount of time with a TB patient. Those most at risk are family members, friends and people who live or work closely with a patient.
If a person becomes infected with the TB bacteria, it does not mean he or she has the disease. Having the infection means that the bacteria are in the body, but they may be neutral, or inactive.
When TB bacteria are inactive, they cannot damage the body. And they cannot spread to other people. People with the inactive bacteria are infected, but they are not sick. They probably do not know that they are infected. For most of them, the bacteria will always be inactive. They will never suffer signs of tuberculosis.
If the natural immune system against disease is weak, however, a person can get tuberculosis soon after the TB bacteria enter the body. Also, inactive TB bacteria may become active if the immune system becomes weak. When this happens, the bacteria begin reproducing and damaging the lungs or other organs and causing serious sickness.
The inactive TB bacteria can become active under several conditions. When a person becomes old, the immune system may become too weak to protect against the bacteria. The virus that causes AIDS can cause TB bacteria to become active. Also, doctors warn that people who drink too much alcohol or use drugs have a higher risk of becoming sick from the tuberculosis bacteria.
Tuberculosis can attack any part of the body. However, the lungs are the most common targets of the bacteria. People with the disease show several signs. They may expel air from the lungs suddenly with an explosive noise. This kind of cough continues for a long period of time. People with a more severe case of tuberculosis also may cough up blood.
People with the disease often have high body temperatures. They suffer what are called night sweats, during which their bodies release large amounts of water through the skin. TB victims also are tired all the time. They are not interested in eating. So their bodies lose weight.
One thing that is especially dangerous about TB is that people with moderate signs of the disease may not know they have it. They may spread the disease to others without even knowing it. So, it is very important for people to get tested for tuberculosis.
There are several ways to test for TB. The first is the TB skin test. It also is known as the Mantoux skin test. The test can identify most people infected with tuberculosis six to eight weeks after the bacteria entered their bodies. A substance called purified protein derivative is injected under the skin of the arm. The place of the injection is examined two to three days later.
If a raised red area forms, the person may have been infected with the tuberculosis bacteria. However, this does not always mean the disease is active.
If the skin test shows that TB bacteria have entered the body, doctors can use other methods to discover if the person has active TB. However, this sometimes can be difficult because tuberculosis may appear similar to other diseases. Doctors must consider other physical signs. Also, they must decide if a person’s history shows that he or she has been in situations where tuberculosis was present.
Doctors also use an X-ray examination to show if there is evidence of TB infection, such as damage to the lungs. Another way to test for the presence of active tuberculosis is to examine the fluids from a person’s mouth.
It is very important for doctors to identify which kind of TB bacteria are present so they can decide which drugs to use to treat the disease. Most TB cases can be successfully treated with medicines. However, the death rate for untreated patients is reported to be about fifty percent. Successful treatment of TB requires close cooperation among patients, doctors and other health care workers.
The World Health Organization has a five-step program to guarantee that TB patients take their medicine correctly. The program is called Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course, or DOTS. Directly observed means that local health care workers watch to make sure patients take their medicine every day. Full treatment usually lasts from six to nine months to destroy all signs of the bacteria.
It is very important for patients to be educated about the disease and its treatment. Sometimes patients fail to finish taking the medicine ordered by their doctors. Experts say this is because some patients feel better after only two to four weeks of treatment and stop taking their medicine. This can lead to the TB bacteria becoming resistant to drugs and growing stronger, more dangerous and more difficult to treat.
Experts say TB is a preventable disease. The goal of health organizations is to quickly identify infected persons – especially those who have the highest risk of developing the disease. There are several drugs that can prevent tuberculosis in these people.
Experts say tuberculosis can be cured if it is discovered early and if patients take their medicine correctly. And, like other diseases, education and understanding are extremely important in preventing and treating TB. Next week, we will tell you about efforts to fight TB in several countries.
Tuberculosis Can Be Cured, But It Must Be Treated the Right Way
The World Health Organization says one-third of the world’s population is infected with the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. That is about two billion people. One in ten people infected with the TB bacteria will become sick with tuberculosis at some time during their life. The WHO says almost nine million people became sick with the disease in two thousand five. About one million six hundred thousand people died of the disease that year. However, the WHO also says almost sixty percent of TB cases around the world are discovered. A large majority of them are cured.
Most people infected with the bacteria never develop active TB. However, people with weak body defense systems often develop the disease. TB can damage a person’s lungs or other parts of the body and cause serious sickness.
The disease is spread by people who have active, untreated TB bacteria in their throat or lungs. The bacteria are spread into the air when infected people talk or expel air suddenly.
Most TB cases can be cured with medicines. Successful treatment of TB requires close cooperation among patients, doctors and other health care workers. The World Health Organization has a five-step program to guarantee that TB patients take their medicine correctly. The program is called Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course, or DOTS. Directly observed means that patients must go to local health centers every day or several times a week to take their medicines. Health care workers watch to make sure patients take their medicine every day. Full treatment usually lasts from six to nine months to destroy all signs of the bacteria.
It is very important for patients to be educated about the disease and its treatment. Sometimes patients fail to finish taking the medicine ordered by their doctors. Experts say this is because some patients feel better after only two to four weeks of treatment and stop taking their medicine. This can lead to the TB bacteria becoming stronger, resistant to drugs, and more difficult to treat.
This kind of TB is called multi-drug resistant tuberculosis or MDR-TB. The World Health Organization says MDR-TB is one hundred times more costly to treat than the other form of the disease.
The World Health Organization says most deaths from tuberculosis are in developing countries. More than half of all deaths from TB are in Asia. And half of all new cases are in six Asian countries. They are Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and the Philippines.
More than twenty-five percent of the world's multi-drug resistant tuberculosis cases are in Asia. Patients with MDR-TB must take more powerful and costly drugs for more than two years. Some patients experience side effects from the drugs.
Experts say the fight against TB and drug resistance has been successful in Hong Kong. In the past fifty years, Hong Kong has reduced cases of TB by almost ninety-eight percent. In the nineteen fifties, the British colonial government built TB hospitals and began giving vaccines to children. The government also replaced poor, unclean housing with modern public housing.
Today, the Chinese government gives anti-TB drugs free of cost in public health centers. Health workers visit patients who fail to go to health centers to get their medicines. So Hong Kong has very low levels of drug-resistant TB.
The World Health Organization is improving its efforts against TB in China. Almost one million four hundred thousand people there develop active TB each year. Almost twenty-five percent of the world's multi-drug resistant cases are in China. The WHO says the situation is now improving. It says half of China's provinces have put the DOTS treatment method into effect. This has resulted in about a fifty percent reduction in deaths from TB.
The WHO has also set a goal for nations in the Western Pacific area. They are being urged to cut by half infection rates and deaths from TB within three years. Doctors say this goal may not be possible because the disease AIDS is a serious problem in the Western Pacific. Other problems are poverty and lack of money for public health.
In Africa, more than three million people are living with TB. Five hundred thousand people there die each year from the disease. The number of TB victims is rising quickly in Africa. This is mainly because of the virus that causes AIDS. The virus weakens the body's ability to fight disease.
Drug-resistant TB is a serious problem in South Africa. Sizwe Hospital in the city of Johannesburg treats only people with MDR-TB. Three thousand new cases of MDR-TB were identified in Johannesburg alone last year. People with this kind of TB have only a fifty percent chance of being cured. Patients must take one painful injection of medicine and as many as twenty-four pills each day. Treatment can take up to two years. The drugs have serious side effects.
Few people survive a new kind of TB, called Extreme Drug-Resistant TB. This disease is resistant to just about every drug known to science.
The National Health Laboratory in Johannesburg tests for drug-resistant TB. Its workers test five hundred samples from patients from all over southern Africa every day. The testing often last several weeks because each bacterium must be tested in several ways. Almost one-fourth of the bacteria tested are found to be drug-resistant. These have to be tested again to show which drugs they resist.
During this time, the patient may be infecting other people. So it is important to find ways to test for the disease more quickly. The laboratory is now carrying out experiments with tests that identify drug-resistant bacteria within two days. This helps health workers quickly identify an infected person and begin treatment.
Patients being treated for MDR-TB are separated from their families, sometimes for years. This causes economic and social problems for patients and family members. The head doctor at Sizwe Hospital says most patients accept treatment and separation. Health workers believe patients with drug-resistant TB should be separated to protect their communities. But human rights activists say this would be a violation of their rights.
Tuberculosis is a health emergency in Russia. In February, the Russian parliament approved almost three billion dollars to fight infectious diseases such as TB.
Russian studies show that eighty-three of every one hundred thousand people in Russia are infected with TB. Thirty thousand people die of the disease every year. However, the number of people infected is not fully known because officials say not all cases are reported. The WHO official for TB control in Central Asia says education about tuberculosis is lacking. The population does not know much about the disease or how it is treated.
The United Nations says the highest rates of reported infection in Russia are among men between thirty-five and sixty-four years of age. Many of these men are unemployed and drink too much alcohol. Many are former prisoners who are also homeless. So treating these men is difficult. Health experts say tuberculosis spreads easily in prisons. The infection rate in prisons is about twenty times higher than the general population. Drug-resistant TB is also a problem there.
World Health Organization officials say fighting TB in Russia is not just a medical problem but also one of economics and organization. They say government money is now available for health care workers to visit treatment centers to study the care and progress of the disease. There is also more money to train workers and provide equipment for laboratories. Health officials say there is now hope in the fight against TB.
Most people infected with the bacteria never develop active TB. However, people with weak body defense systems often develop the disease. TB can damage a person’s lungs or other parts of the body and cause serious sickness.
The disease is spread by people who have active, untreated TB bacteria in their throat or lungs. The bacteria are spread into the air when infected people talk or expel air suddenly.
Most TB cases can be cured with medicines. Successful treatment of TB requires close cooperation among patients, doctors and other health care workers. The World Health Organization has a five-step program to guarantee that TB patients take their medicine correctly. The program is called Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course, or DOTS. Directly observed means that patients must go to local health centers every day or several times a week to take their medicines. Health care workers watch to make sure patients take their medicine every day. Full treatment usually lasts from six to nine months to destroy all signs of the bacteria.
It is very important for patients to be educated about the disease and its treatment. Sometimes patients fail to finish taking the medicine ordered by their doctors. Experts say this is because some patients feel better after only two to four weeks of treatment and stop taking their medicine. This can lead to the TB bacteria becoming stronger, resistant to drugs, and more difficult to treat.
This kind of TB is called multi-drug resistant tuberculosis or MDR-TB. The World Health Organization says MDR-TB is one hundred times more costly to treat than the other form of the disease.
The World Health Organization says most deaths from tuberculosis are in developing countries. More than half of all deaths from TB are in Asia. And half of all new cases are in six Asian countries. They are Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and the Philippines.
More than twenty-five percent of the world's multi-drug resistant tuberculosis cases are in Asia. Patients with MDR-TB must take more powerful and costly drugs for more than two years. Some patients experience side effects from the drugs.
Experts say the fight against TB and drug resistance has been successful in Hong Kong. In the past fifty years, Hong Kong has reduced cases of TB by almost ninety-eight percent. In the nineteen fifties, the British colonial government built TB hospitals and began giving vaccines to children. The government also replaced poor, unclean housing with modern public housing.
Today, the Chinese government gives anti-TB drugs free of cost in public health centers. Health workers visit patients who fail to go to health centers to get their medicines. So Hong Kong has very low levels of drug-resistant TB.
The World Health Organization is improving its efforts against TB in China. Almost one million four hundred thousand people there develop active TB each year. Almost twenty-five percent of the world's multi-drug resistant cases are in China. The WHO says the situation is now improving. It says half of China's provinces have put the DOTS treatment method into effect. This has resulted in about a fifty percent reduction in deaths from TB.
The WHO has also set a goal for nations in the Western Pacific area. They are being urged to cut by half infection rates and deaths from TB within three years. Doctors say this goal may not be possible because the disease AIDS is a serious problem in the Western Pacific. Other problems are poverty and lack of money for public health.
In Africa, more than three million people are living with TB. Five hundred thousand people there die each year from the disease. The number of TB victims is rising quickly in Africa. This is mainly because of the virus that causes AIDS. The virus weakens the body's ability to fight disease.
Drug-resistant TB is a serious problem in South Africa. Sizwe Hospital in the city of Johannesburg treats only people with MDR-TB. Three thousand new cases of MDR-TB were identified in Johannesburg alone last year. People with this kind of TB have only a fifty percent chance of being cured. Patients must take one painful injection of medicine and as many as twenty-four pills each day. Treatment can take up to two years. The drugs have serious side effects.
Few people survive a new kind of TB, called Extreme Drug-Resistant TB. This disease is resistant to just about every drug known to science.
The National Health Laboratory in Johannesburg tests for drug-resistant TB. Its workers test five hundred samples from patients from all over southern Africa every day. The testing often last several weeks because each bacterium must be tested in several ways. Almost one-fourth of the bacteria tested are found to be drug-resistant. These have to be tested again to show which drugs they resist.
During this time, the patient may be infecting other people. So it is important to find ways to test for the disease more quickly. The laboratory is now carrying out experiments with tests that identify drug-resistant bacteria within two days. This helps health workers quickly identify an infected person and begin treatment.
Patients being treated for MDR-TB are separated from their families, sometimes for years. This causes economic and social problems for patients and family members. The head doctor at Sizwe Hospital says most patients accept treatment and separation. Health workers believe patients with drug-resistant TB should be separated to protect their communities. But human rights activists say this would be a violation of their rights.
Tuberculosis is a health emergency in Russia. In February, the Russian parliament approved almost three billion dollars to fight infectious diseases such as TB.
Russian studies show that eighty-three of every one hundred thousand people in Russia are infected with TB. Thirty thousand people die of the disease every year. However, the number of people infected is not fully known because officials say not all cases are reported. The WHO official for TB control in Central Asia says education about tuberculosis is lacking. The population does not know much about the disease or how it is treated.
The United Nations says the highest rates of reported infection in Russia are among men between thirty-five and sixty-four years of age. Many of these men are unemployed and drink too much alcohol. Many are former prisoners who are also homeless. So treating these men is difficult. Health experts say tuberculosis spreads easily in prisons. The infection rate in prisons is about twenty times higher than the general population. Drug-resistant TB is also a problem there.
World Health Organization officials say fighting TB in Russia is not just a medical problem but also one of economics and organization. They say government money is now available for health care workers to visit treatment centers to study the care and progress of the disease. There is also more money to train workers and provide equipment for laboratories. Health officials say there is now hope in the fight against TB.
Apr 28, 2007
Apr 27, 2007
Apr 26, 2007
Apr 25, 2007
Corneal Transplantation
臓器売買は法律で禁止されている・・・
と国家試験で問われたなら
すぐに○とするだろう
当然そうだ・・・当たり前すぎる
しかし角膜の供給が少ない
本邦では角膜移植の際に
輸入角膜が選択肢として入ることがある
U.S.では角膜の供給が日本の比では無いようだ
現に海外へ向けて輸出している
Sight Life・・・
これはシアトルにあるアイバンク
角膜を取り出すのに$2000,
シアトル-日本間の輸送費が$180
プラス空港から各病院への輸送費
経費としてかかりレシピエントに請求される
おおよそ30万だ
日本のアイバンクを選択するデメリットは
約1年待たなければならない
ある日いきなり「明日opします」と急であり、あらゆる予定を返上しなければならない
などであり、
その点で輸入角膜は
USでのドナー角膜が豊富
予定術日を決めることができる
問題は費用であろう
輸入だと保険が利かない・・・
当然であろうが・・・
USのアイバンクはUS国内へ優先的に若年者からの角膜内皮細胞が豊富な角膜をまわし
国外へは高齢者のものを輸出することが多いようだ
もちろん角膜内皮細胞の絶対数が著明に減少しているものを輸出するわけではない
角膜内皮細胞数によってランク付けをしていて
A, 2500以上 B, 2000以上のような感じで区分し
それぞれの値段は異なる
日本人のもちうる感覚として提供者が少ないのは理解できる
そう今後も輸入に部分的に頼らざるを得ないだろうと思う
と国家試験で問われたなら
すぐに○とするだろう
当然そうだ・・・当たり前すぎる
しかし角膜の供給が少ない
本邦では角膜移植の際に
輸入角膜が選択肢として入ることがある
U.S.では角膜の供給が日本の比では無いようだ
現に海外へ向けて輸出している
Sight Life・・・
これはシアトルにあるアイバンク
角膜を取り出すのに$2000,
シアトル-日本間の輸送費が$180
プラス空港から各病院への輸送費
経費としてかかりレシピエントに請求される
おおよそ30万だ
日本のアイバンクを選択するデメリットは
約1年待たなければならない
ある日いきなり「明日opします」と急であり、あらゆる予定を返上しなければならない
などであり、
その点で輸入角膜は
USでのドナー角膜が豊富
予定術日を決めることができる
問題は費用であろう
輸入だと保険が利かない・・・
当然であろうが・・・
USのアイバンクはUS国内へ優先的に若年者からの角膜内皮細胞が豊富な角膜をまわし
国外へは高齢者のものを輸出することが多いようだ
もちろん角膜内皮細胞の絶対数が著明に減少しているものを輸出するわけではない
角膜内皮細胞数によってランク付けをしていて
A, 2500以上 B, 2000以上のような感じで区分し
それぞれの値段は異なる
日本人のもちうる感覚として提供者が少ないのは理解できる
そう今後も輸入に部分的に頼らざるを得ないだろうと思う
Apr 24, 2007
Amazon
Amazonも楽天やyahooのような販売形態を新たに提供するようだ・・・
以下引用
た。インターネット販売に実績のある企業と協業することで品揃えを強化し、売り上げ拡大を狙う。
出店型新サービス「マーチャント@amazon.co.jp」は、アマゾンジャパンが選んだ企業がAmazon.co.jpの販売プラットフォームを利用して販売できるサービス。2002年に開始した同社の「Amazonマーケットプレイス」に続き、第三者が仕入れた商品をアマゾンの決済システムを使って販売できるサービスとなる。
マーチャント@amazon.co.jpでは、出店する企業は、Amazon.co.jp内に専用のストアページを構築できる。Amazon.co.jpで同じ商品を既に扱っている場合は、価格や納期などでよりよい条件を提示することができるなど、より有利な販売条件を得ることができる。
企業が提供する用品は、アマゾンジャパンが仕入れ・販売を行う商品と同じ方法で販売され、出店企業は売り上げに応じて参加契約にもとづく手数料をアマゾンジャパンに支払う。
4月24日時点で約50社が出店し、今後順次拡大していくという。このサービスにより、これまでアマゾンジャパンが仕入れることのできなかった生花やギフト商品などの商品を販売できるようになる。また、Amazon.co.jpでの限定商品なども予定しているという。
出店型のサービスは、米国で2002年7月、英国とドイツでも2006年10月に開始しており、参加企業は2006年12月末時点で数千社という。またAmazonマーケットプレイス、マーチャント@Amazon.comを含む第三者による年間商品販売数の割合は、全体の28％となっている。
同社は過去5年の実績をもとに、日本でも十分に成功できる可能性がありサービスを開始したとしている。
また、4月24日に同サービスに参加したカタログギフトのRINGBELLでは「日本ナンバー1のアクセス数、だんとつの品揃え、国内企業小売での顧客満足度最大というAmazon.co.jpでの販売に魅力を感じ、参加を決めた」という。
以下引用
た。インターネット販売に実績のある企業と協業することで品揃えを強化し、売り上げ拡大を狙う。
出店型新サービス「マーチャント@amazon.co.jp」は、アマゾンジャパンが選んだ企業がAmazon.co.jpの販売プラットフォームを利用して販売できるサービス。2002年に開始した同社の「Amazonマーケットプレイス」に続き、第三者が仕入れた商品をアマゾンの決済システムを使って販売できるサービスとなる。
マーチャント@amazon.co.jpでは、出店する企業は、Amazon.co.jp内に専用のストアページを構築できる。Amazon.co.jpで同じ商品を既に扱っている場合は、価格や納期などでよりよい条件を提示することができるなど、より有利な販売条件を得ることができる。
企業が提供する用品は、アマゾンジャパンが仕入れ・販売を行う商品と同じ方法で販売され、出店企業は売り上げに応じて参加契約にもとづく手数料をアマゾンジャパンに支払う。
4月24日時点で約50社が出店し、今後順次拡大していくという。このサービスにより、これまでアマゾンジャパンが仕入れることのできなかった生花やギフト商品などの商品を販売できるようになる。また、Amazon.co.jpでの限定商品なども予定しているという。
出店型のサービスは、米国で2002年7月、英国とドイツでも2006年10月に開始しており、参加企業は2006年12月末時点で数千社という。またAmazonマーケットプレイス、マーチャント@Amazon.comを含む第三者による年間商品販売数の割合は、全体の28％となっている。
同社は過去5年の実績をもとに、日本でも十分に成功できる可能性がありサービスを開始したとしている。
また、4月24日に同サービスに参加したカタログギフトのRINGBELLでは「日本ナンバー1のアクセス数、だんとつの品揃え、国内企業小売での顧客満足度最大というAmazon.co.jpでの販売に魅力を感じ、参加を決めた」という。
Apr 23, 2007
Vaccines: How They Work
Most vaccines are designed with the same goal in mind. That is, to help the
body's own defense system prevent a disease by producing antibodies against it. Antibodies are disease-fighting proteins. The immune system produces them in reaction to viruses, bacteria and other invaders.
The vaccine tricks the body into thinking it has already successfully defeated the disease. To activate the immune system, vaccines commonly introduce the disease-causing virus or bacteria into the body. But they use weakened or killed versions.
Weakened viruses are used, for example, in vaccines against chickenpox, measles, mumps and rubella. To prevent polio, the Sabin vaccine uses a weakened form of the virus; the Salk vaccine uses a killed version.
Experts say vaccines that use killed or inactivated virus can be safely given even to people with damaged immune systems.
Researchers may spend years working on a vaccine. They have still not succeeded against, for example, H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS, or against malaria, but they are trying.
And not all vaccines offer long-term protection. The tetanus vaccine is a good example. It offers protection for only about ten years. Then a person must be immunized again.
Some vaccines are made with animal material. For example, influenza vaccine is grown in chicken eggs. This can be a problem for people who are allergic to eggs. Also, the process is complex.
But things could change in the future. A new study in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests that flu vaccine could come from insect cells.
Researchers in the United States tested a flu vaccine made from caterpillar cells. The study involved four hundred sixty people. There were two versions of the vaccine, one stronger than the other.
The people were not told whether they were getting the vaccine or a substitute, a placebo. Here is what the scientists reported: Seven people in the placebo group caught the flu. So did two people who received the lower strength vaccine. But no one in the stronger vaccine group got the flu.
Protein Sciences, a vaccine maker, paid for the study. The company plans to begin testing the experimental flu vaccine on a larger group in order to seek government approval.
And that's the VOA Special English Health Report, written by Caty Weaver. For more health news, along with transcripts and audio files of our reports, go to voaspecialenglish.com. I'm Steve Ember.
body's own defense system prevent a disease by producing antibodies against it. Antibodies are disease-fighting proteins. The immune system produces them in reaction to viruses, bacteria and other invaders.
The vaccine tricks the body into thinking it has already successfully defeated the disease. To activate the immune system, vaccines commonly introduce the disease-causing virus or bacteria into the body. But they use weakened or killed versions.
Weakened viruses are used, for example, in vaccines against chickenpox, measles, mumps and rubella. To prevent polio, the Sabin vaccine uses a weakened form of the virus; the Salk vaccine uses a killed version.
Experts say vaccines that use killed or inactivated virus can be safely given even to people with damaged immune systems.
Researchers may spend years working on a vaccine. They have still not succeeded against, for example, H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS, or against malaria, but they are trying.
And not all vaccines offer long-term protection. The tetanus vaccine is a good example. It offers protection for only about ten years. Then a person must be immunized again.
Some vaccines are made with animal material. For example, influenza vaccine is grown in chicken eggs. This can be a problem for people who are allergic to eggs. Also, the process is complex.
But things could change in the future. A new study in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests that flu vaccine could come from insect cells.
Researchers in the United States tested a flu vaccine made from caterpillar cells. The study involved four hundred sixty people. There were two versions of the vaccine, one stronger than the other.
The people were not told whether they were getting the vaccine or a substitute, a placebo. Here is what the scientists reported: Seven people in the placebo group caught the flu. So did two people who received the lower strength vaccine. But no one in the stronger vaccine group got the flu.
Protein Sciences, a vaccine maker, paid for the study. The company plans to begin testing the experimental flu vaccine on a larger group in order to seek government approval.
And that's the VOA Special English Health Report, written by Caty Weaver. For more health news, along with transcripts and audio files of our reports, go to voaspecialenglish.com. I'm Steve Ember.
Apr 22, 2007
Parkinson Disease
スイス系製薬ノバルティスファーマ（東京・港、馬場宣行社長）は19日、パーキンソン病治療薬「コムタン」を発売した。従来のパーキンソン病治療薬「Ｌドーパ」と一緒に使う飲み薬。体内でＬドーパを分解する「ＣＯＭＴ」と呼ぶ酵素の働きを抑え、Ｌドーパの効き目を長持ちさせる。国内でＣＯＭＴの働きを抑える薬は初めてという。
国内のパーキンソン病の推定患者数は約15万人。50—60歳代で発症することが多く、高齢化を理由に増加傾向にある。薬価は100ミリグラムの１錠で218.2円。
国内のパーキンソン病の推定患者数は約15万人。50—60歳代で発症することが多く、高齢化を理由に増加傾向にある。薬価は100ミリグラムの１錠で218.2円。
Apr 20, 2007
A.Rod
ニューヨーク──米大リーグ、ニューヨーク・ヤンキースのアレックス・ロドリゲス内野手が１９日、本拠地でのクリーブランド・インディアンス戦で、３試合連続となる本塁打を放った。ヤンキースは、ロドリゲスの３点本塁打でサヨナラ勝ちし、３連勝。
インディアンスは１─２で１点を追う７回、マルティネスの３点本塁打などで４点を入れて逆転。９回にも、ヤンキースのロドリゲス三塁手の失策で１点を追加し、６─２とリードを広げた。
しかし、ヤンキースは９回、２死からフェルペスのソロ本塁打で１点を返すと、ポサダが中前打で出塁。続くデーモンが四球を選んで、ジーターとアブレイユの連続左前適時打で１点差に詰め寄った。
ここで打席に立ったのが、ロドリゲス。暴投でジーターとアブレイユが進塁した後、９回表の失策を払拭する特大アーチを放ち、サヨナラ勝ちを呼び寄せた。
インディアンスは１─２で１点を追う７回、マルティネスの３点本塁打などで４点を入れて逆転。９回にも、ヤンキースのロドリゲス三塁手の失策で１点を追加し、６─２とリードを広げた。
しかし、ヤンキースは９回、２死からフェルペスのソロ本塁打で１点を返すと、ポサダが中前打で出塁。続くデーモンが四球を選んで、ジーターとアブレイユの連続左前適時打で１点差に詰め寄った。
ここで打席に立ったのが、ロドリゲス。暴投でジーターとアブレイユが進塁した後、９回表の失策を払拭する特大アーチを放ち、サヨナラ勝ちを呼び寄せた。
Apr 19, 2007
Influenzae
第一三共は18日、国内で開発中の吸入型インフルエンザ治療薬の有効性を確かめる臨床試験（治験）を11月から始めると発表した。効き目が長く、１回吸い込むだけでインフルエンザウイルスの増殖を抑える効果が期待できる。今年末からの流行期間中に約300人に投与する。2008年末から、より大規模な治験を実施し09年末の承認申請を目指す。
この薬は「ＣＳ—８９５８」（開発番号）と呼ぶ。中外製薬のタミフルや英系グラクソ・スミスクライン（東京・渋谷）のリレンザと同じ「ノイラミニダーゼ阻害剤」と呼ぶ種類の薬。細胞内で増殖したウイルスが外に出るのを防ぐ。先行する２品は５日間続けて使う必要がある。吸入薬のリレンザは医師から使い方などの説明を受ける必要があり、飲み薬のタミフルが約98％のシェアを握る。
この薬は「ＣＳ—８９５８」（開発番号）と呼ぶ。中外製薬のタミフルや英系グラクソ・スミスクライン（東京・渋谷）のリレンザと同じ「ノイラミニダーゼ阻害剤」と呼ぶ種類の薬。細胞内で増殖したウイルスが外に出るのを防ぐ。先行する２品は５日間続けて使う必要がある。吸入薬のリレンザは医師から使い方などの説明を受ける必要があり、飲み薬のタミフルが約98％のシェアを握る。
Avastin
中外製薬は18日、大腸がん治療薬「アバスチン」（製品名）の製造販売承認を取得したと発表した。6月をメドに発売し、その後18カ月かけて全症例を対象に有効性と安全性を調査する。2500の症例を集めてデータをまとめ国などに報告する。アバスチンは世界での売上高が約2900億円に達する大型薬で、中外でも主力になると期待されている。
中外の親会社であるスイス・ロシュグループの米ジェネンテック社が開発した。人間の免疫機構を利用した「抗体医薬」の一種。がん組織の栄養補給路となる血管が新たにできるのを妨げる。2005年7月に開いた厚生労働省の「第五回未承認薬使用問題検討会議」の要請を受け、国内の第１相臨床試験の結果と、海外の第２、３相試験の結果をもとに中外が06年４月に承認申請していた。
中外の親会社であるスイス・ロシュグループの米ジェネンテック社が開発した。人間の免疫機構を利用した「抗体医薬」の一種。がん組織の栄養補給路となる血管が新たにできるのを妨げる。2005年7月に開いた厚生労働省の「第五回未承認薬使用問題検討会議」の要請を受け、国内の第１相臨床試験の結果と、海外の第２、３相試験の結果をもとに中外が06年４月に承認申請していた。
Abercrombie & Fitch Songs
U Spin Me (Mike Cruz Radio Edit) Inaya Day
One Sign Galleon
Let's Get Down (Full Intention Radio Edit) Supafly vs. Fishbowl
Spellbound (22 Green Remix) SHERRIE LEA
Destination Unknown (J-Reverse Club Mix) Gaudino Featuring Crystal Waters
Melt With the Sun (AM Corona Radio Edit) Amber featuring Sweet Rains
One Sign Galleon
Let's Get Down (Full Intention Radio Edit) Supafly vs. Fishbowl
Spellbound (22 Green Remix) SHERRIE LEA
Destination Unknown (J-Reverse Club Mix) Gaudino Featuring Crystal Waters
Melt With the Sun (AM Corona Radio Edit) Amber featuring Sweet Rains
Apr 17, 2007
Apr 16, 2007
Apr 15, 2007
Apr 14, 2007
Iwamura #1
Apr 10, 2007
Cornea
死者から提供された角膜１個を分割し、３人の患者に移植することに、全インド医科学研究所（ニューデリー）の医師らが成功した。
「角膜の提供が不足している国で、移植待機患者を減らすのに役立つ」として、米医師会の専門誌「眼科学アーカイブズ」（電子版）に９日、発表した。
３人のうち１人は角膜の表面近く、別の１人は逆に内皮の部分に障害があった。そこで医師らは、提供された角膜を薄く切り分け、各患者に必要な部分を移植。視力は１人目が０・１から０・３、２人目が０・０５から０・５に改善した。
また、薬傷で右目の視力をほとんど失っていた５歳男児には、角膜と結膜の結合部分にある幹細胞を移植。眼鏡などを使えば０・１まで見えるようになった。
「角膜の提供が不足している国で、移植待機患者を減らすのに役立つ」として、米医師会の専門誌「眼科学アーカイブズ」（電子版）に９日、発表した。
３人のうち１人は角膜の表面近く、別の１人は逆に内皮の部分に障害があった。そこで医師らは、提供された角膜を薄く切り分け、各患者に必要な部分を移植。視力は１人目が０・１から０・３、２人目が０・０５から０・５に改善した。
また、薬傷で右目の視力をほとんど失っていた５歳男児には、角膜と結膜の結合部分にある幹細胞を移植。眼鏡などを使えば０・１まで見えるようになった。
Breast Cancer
ニューヨーク（ロイター） 乳がんの男性について調査した米コロンビア大学の研究者がこのほど、黒人の死亡率が白人の３．２９倍に達するとの研究結果を、腫瘍関連の専門誌に発表した。女性でも同様の傾向が見られるという。
コロンビア大学のハーシュマン博士の研究チームは、乳がんを発症した白人男性４５６人と黒人男性３４人について調査。黒人男性の死亡率が高いことが分かったという。
乳がんは女性に多いがんだが、まれに男性でも発症する。
ハーシュマン博士は、調べた患者の平均年齢は７６歳で、男性の乳がんが高年齢者に多く見られると指摘している。
黒人男性の患者は、白人患者よりも、腫瘍はより発達して大きくなり、リンパ節への転移も顕著だという。
また、黒人男性は白人男性に比べて、がん専門医にかかる率が４８％低く、化学療法を受ける割合も５６％少なかった。
コロンビア大学のハーシュマン博士の研究チームは、乳がんを発症した白人男性４５６人と黒人男性３４人について調査。黒人男性の死亡率が高いことが分かったという。
乳がんは女性に多いがんだが、まれに男性でも発症する。
ハーシュマン博士は、調べた患者の平均年齢は７６歳で、男性の乳がんが高年齢者に多く見られると指摘している。
黒人男性の患者は、白人患者よりも、腫瘍はより発達して大きくなり、リンパ節への転移も顕著だという。
また、黒人男性は白人男性に比べて、がん専門医にかかる率が４８％低く、化学療法を受ける割合も５６％少なかった。
Apr 8, 2007
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